What involves a legal obligation that arises from tort actions and negligence claims?

Civil liabilities arise from tort actions and negligence claims, which means they pertain to situations where one party’s failure to act responsibly results in harm or injury to another party. In civil law, a tort is essentially a wrongful act—often leading to a lawsuit—where the injured party seeks compensation for damages incurred due to someone else’s negligence.

For instance, if an officer's neglect results in a preventable situation that harms an inmate or another individual, that officer and their department could face civil liability. This obligation to compensate the affected party is what underpins civil liability, distinguishing it from other forms of legal obligations such as criminal liabilities, which involve actions considered offenses against the state or society as a whole, rather than merely private disputes between individuals.

Administrative liabilities would deal more with adherence to agency policies and regulations rather than personal harm claims. The state penal code outlines criminal offenses and penalties but does not apply to tort actions or negligence claims. Thus, civil liabilities specifically address the obligation to compensate for negligence or tortious acts.